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Endometrial Polyps

Endometrial polyps, also called uterine polyps, are soft, fleshy growths that develop on the inner lining of the womb (endometrium). They are usually non-cancerous (benign), but in a small number of cases may contain abnormal or precancerous cells.

Polyps can vary in size from a few millimetres to several centimetres. Some are single, while others appear in clusters.

Symptoms & Causes Diagnosis Treatment Find A Specialist

Many polyps cause no symptoms and are found during tests for other reasons. When symptoms occur, they may include: 

  • Irregular or unpredictable periods 

  • Heavier or prolonged bleeding during periods 

  • Bleeding or spotting between periods 

  • Bleeding after sex 

  • Vaginal bleeding after menopause 

  • Problems with fertility in some women 

The exact cause of polyps is not fully understood, but they are linked to changes in hormone levels, particularly oestrogen.

They are more common in women approaching menopause or after menopause, though they can occur at any age. 

How are Polyps Diagnosed?

If you have unusual bleeding, your doctor may recommend tests such as: 

  • Hysteroscopy, a thin camera passed into the womb to look directly at the lining and identify polyps 

  • Endometrial biopsy, to collect a tissue sample for testing 

Endometrial Polyps Treatment

Treatment depends on your symptoms, risk factors, and whether the polyp is thought to be benign or abnormal. Options may include: 

  • Observation – small, symptom-free polyps may not need immediate treatment 

  • Polyp removal (polypectomy) – usually done during a hysteroscopy; this is a simple procedure and the removed tissue is checked under a microscope 

  • Further treatment – if abnormal or cancerous cells are found, you will be referred to a gynaecological oncology team for specialist care 

If you experience unusual vaginal bleeding, especially after menopause, see your gynaecologist promptly. Early assessment ensures the right treatment and peace of mind. 

You will be supported through each step, from diagnosis to treatment and follow-up, to ensure your health and wellbeing are protected. 

Fertility & Polyps

Polyps may interfere with fertility by affecting the womb lining or blocking the fallopian tubes. Removal of polyps has been shown to improve fertility in some cases, especially before assisted reproductive treatments such as IVF. 

Most uterine polyps are benign and easily treated. Removing them usually relieves symptoms like irregular bleeding, and in many cases helps improve fertility. Because a small number may be abnormal, it is important that all removed polyps are examined in the laboratory. 

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  • Dr Kate van Harselaar

    Gynaecologist