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Gynaecological Cancers - Ovarian, Endometrial & Cervical

Gynaecological cancers are cancers that begin in the reproductive system. The main types are ovarian cancer, endometrial (uterine) cancer, and cervical cancer. Less common types include vulval and vaginal cancers. Early diagnosis is important, as it gives the best chance of successful treatment.

Diagnosis & Symptoms Screening Find A Specialist

You should see a doctor if you notice changes including: 

  • Unusual vaginal bleeding (after sex, between periods, or after menopause) 

  • Persistent bloating, abdominal swelling, or pelvic pain 

  • Changes in appetite or feeling full quickly 

  • Unexplained weight loss or fatigue 

  • Changes in bowel or bladder habits 

  • Skin changes or a lump affecting the vulva 

These symptoms are often caused by conditions other than cancer, but it is always best to have them checked. 

How are Gynaecological Cancers Diagnosed? 

Initial assessment usually begins with a visit to a gynaecologist. They will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and may perform a pelvic examination.

Further tests may include an ultrasound scan, blood tests such, or a biopsy to confirm a diagnosis. In some cases, additional imaging such as CT or MRI scans is recommended to give more detail. 

Cervical Cancer Screening

Cervical cancer can often be prevented or detected early through cervical screening (smear tests). This test looks for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and checks for abnormal cervical cells before they develop into cancer.

Attending regular screening is one of the most effective ways to reduce your risk. Your gynaecologist can assist with cervical screening if it you have previously found it difficult or uncomfortable. 

Managing Risk

Some people are at higher risk of gynaecological cancers because of their family history or inherited gene changes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. These mutations increase the lifetime risk of ovarian and breast cancer. 

If you have a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, you may be offered genetic counselling and testing. For women who are found to carry a BRCA mutation, risk-reducing options may include: 

  • Closer monitoring with regular scans and blood tests 

  • Risk-reducing surgery, such as removal of the ovaries and fallopian tubes after your family is complete 

  • Lifestyle measures such as maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, avoiding smoking, and limiting alcohol 

Your gynaecologist will discuss these options with you, tailored to your personal circumstances and preferences. 

Next Steps After Initial Assessment

If tests suggest cancer, you will be referred to a specialist gynaecological oncology team. They may recommend further investigations to determine the type and stage of cancer before planning treatment. 

Your care team may include gynaecological oncologists, oncologists specialising in chemotherapy or radiotherapy, specialist nurses, and other support such as dietitians, physiotherapists, or counsellors. 

Being referred for cancer tests can feel overwhelming, but most people who undergo investigations will not have cancer. If cancer is found, many effective treatments are available, and outcomes are best when the disease is diagnosed early. 

Your gynaecologist will support you at every stage, explain results clearly, and help guide your decisions about care. If you are known to have a higher genetic risk, you will also be offered support and information about how best to manage that risk. 

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  • Dr Kate van Harselaar

    Gynaecologist