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Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in or on the ovaries. They are very common, especially before menopause, and most are harmless, disappearing on their own without treatment.
Cysts can range in size from very small to several centimetres. Many do not cause symptoms, but some can lead to discomfort, changes in periods, or complications.

Types & Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment & Prevention Find A Specialist

Types of Ovarian Cysts 

  • Functional cysts – the most common type, linked to the menstrual cycle. They often resolve naturally within a few months. 

  • Dermoid cysts and endometriomas – benign (non-cancerous) cysts that may sometimes require treatment. 

  • Cystadenomas – cysts that develop from the outer surface of the ovary, which can grow large but are usually benign. 

Most ovarian cysts are not cancerous. However, cysts that develop after menopause are more likely to need investigation. 

Ovarian cysts often cause no symptoms at all. When they do, the most common are: 

  • Pelvic or lower abdominal pain, often on one side 

  • A feeling of fullness, bloating, or pressure 

Some women notice changes in their menstrual cycle, or more frequent urination if the cyst presses on the bladder. Rarely, a cyst may rupture or twist, which can cause sudden severe pain and requires urgent medical care. 

How Are Ovarian Cysts Diagnosed?

Cysts are usually detected during an examination or an ultrasound scan.

Depending on the findings, you may also be offered blood tests, or further imaging such as MRI. In some cases, laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) is used to look directly at the ovary and remove the cyst. 

Treatment of PID

Management depends on the size, type, and symptoms of the cyst, as well as your age.

Most ovarian cysts are harmless and settle without treatment. Even when surgery is required, the majority are found to be benign. After menopause, cysts are watched more carefully because of a slightly higher risk of cancer. 

If you experience persistent pelvic pain, ongoing bloating, or sudden severe pain, see your gynaecologist promptly. Early assessment ensures the right management and reassurance. 

Your gynaecologist  will guide you through monitoring and treatment, and provide the support you need. 

Watchful Waiting

Many cysts, especially small functional cysts, disappear naturally. Your doctor may suggest a repeat scan after a few months. 

Medication

The pill or other hormonal methods may help prevent new cysts forming, though they do not shrink existing cysts. 

Surgery

Surgery may be recommended if a cyst is large, persistent, causing significant symptoms, or if there are concerns about cancer.

Surgery may involve removing just the cyst (cystectomy) or, in some cases, the ovary (oophorectomy). 

Prevention

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  • Dr Kate van Harselaar

    Gynaecologist