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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, or PID, is an infection of the female reproductive organs. It develops when bacteria travel from the vagina or cervix into the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries.

Causes & Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment & Prevention Find A Specialist

The most common cause is sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea, though other bacteria can also be responsible.

Prompt treatment is important to avoid complications such as long-term pelvic pain, damage to the fallopian tubes, or infertility. 

Not everyone with PID has obvious symptoms, but common ones include: 

  • Pain low in the abdomen or pelvis 

  • Unusual vaginal discharge, sometimes with an unpleasant smell 

  • Pain during sex or bleeding afterwards 

Some people also notice pain or burning when passing urine, irregular bleeding between periods, or flu-like symptoms such as fever, tiredness, or nausea. If pain is sudden and severe or accompanied by high fever, urgent medical attention is needed. 

How is PID Diagnosed?

Your gynaecologist will begin with questions about your symptoms and sexual history and may carry out a pelvic examination.

Swabs from the vagina or cervix can help identify infection, and blood or urine tests may also be arranged.

Ultrasound scans are sometimes used to check the womb and fallopian tubes. In more complex cases, a laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) may be recommended. 

Treatment of PID

Most people recover fully from PID with early treatment. If complications arise, a gynaecologist may be involved to provide specialist care, particularly if there are concerns about fertility or ongoing pelvic pain. 

Most people are treated at home, but hospital care may be needed if you are very unwell or if an abscess forms. Rarely, surgery is required. 

If PID is not treated promptly, it can cause lasting problems such as scarring of the fallopian tubes, which may lead to infertility, an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, and long-term chronic pelvic pain. Treating PID early reduces these risks. 

You do not need to manage PID alone. With timely care and the right support, most people return to good health and reduce the risk of long-term problems. 

Antibiotics

PID is usually treated with antibiotics. More than one antibiotic is often prescribed to cover different bacteria. It is important to: 

  • Complete the full course, even if symptoms improve 

  • Avoid sex until treatment is finished 

  • Ensure partners are also tested and treated if necessary 

Prevention

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  • Dr Kate van Harselaar

    Gynaecologist